Rhizoremediation of Lead Using Alternanthera Versicolor

Rhizoremediation of fade Using Alternanthera VersicolorShalini S., Priyasha G., Sohini B. and Jabez Osborne W*Abstract Anthropogenic reading has been a major drawback due to the increased discharge of heavy metals into the environment containing the saturated and unsaturated zones of soil. Heavy metals are those which have density more than 5gram per cm cube. Lead causes major health hazards like Plumbism ( provide poisoning) at higher parsimoniousnesss. In the present study the capability of Alternenthera versicolor to phytoremediate poisonous exsert contamination was assessed at different concentrations of lead. To enhance the uptake capabilities of Alternenthera versicolor, bacterial organism capable of lead degradation was supplemented. The samples were uprooted at an interval of 10, 20 and 30 years. The uptake of lead was assessed by AAS, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was also checked. Further the setive make were characterised by 16s rRNA sequencing.Keywords Rhiz oremediation, 16s rRNA, PGPR, AAS, Anthocyanin, chlorophylINTRODUCTIONThe most common heavy metals found in waste sites are Lead(Pb), Copper(Cu), Chromium(Cr),Nickel(Ni) and Zinc(Zn).Ionic and hydroxide forms are the general forms of these heavy metals found in soil, ground urine and surface water (Gade,.2000). Heavy metal contamination is a major concern because they cannot be degraded (Lone et al,. 2008). localise growth promoting rhizobacteria are heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, and in association with roots. The pose-bacteria synergistic interaction in the rhizosphere is determinants of plant growth and fertility. These involve the ability to advance indole acetic acid which is an important growth regulatory hormone, to pee siderophores which enable the uptake of solubilised mineral phosphate from the soil, HCN production and Ammonia production. Morphological studies involve the root and shoot continuance. Hence depending upon the re sults obtained for each concentration, we can determine the utmost concentration at which the bacteria can withstand lead contamination. then the present study involves the phytoremediation of lead supply by Alternenthera versicolor followed by the rhizoremedial clean up by the synergistic interaction between the effective rhizobacterial specify and the plant.MATERIALS AND METHODSSample CollectionFor the isolation of lead degrading bacteria, tannery sludge was collected from four locations in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. All the samples were collected using sterile polyethylene bags and were preserved immediately (McGrath et al,. 2001).Isolation of lead resistant bacteria from tannery sludge sampleLead resistant bacteria were isolated from tannery sludge using serial dilution technique and 10-4 dilutions onto MSM agar plates supplemented with 150 mg/L lead concentration. The obtained pure colonies were purified on MSM agar plates with 150mg/L lead.Screening TechniquesThe effectiv e isolates obtained from the tannery sludge sample, were screened for its PGPR traits.Indole Acetic Acid ProductionFor estimation of IAA production, the method described by (Gordon et al,2000). was followed. The isolates were inoculated in food for thought broth and were incubated in the shaker at 120 rpm for 24hours. 100 l of inocula from overnight culture of NB was inoculated in MS Media that was supplemented with 5mM L-tryptophan and was incubated in shaker for 48hours. The cultures obtained were centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2ml of supernatant was taken and few drops of Salkowskis reagent was added to it. Optical density was taken at 530 nm using spectrophotometer. (Hussain et. al,. 2013)Phosphate SolubilisationFor the espial of phosphate solubilising capability of the effective isolate, Pikovskaya agar media was inoculated with effective isolate and zone of inhibition was observed afterward 4 days incubation at RT. (Hussain et. al.2013) growing Kinetics StudyFor growth kinetics study, seed culture of the effective isolate VITPSS1J was prepared in MSM. 2% inoculum of 0.5 OD culture was added in LB broth. O.D readings were taken at every 30 mins till stationary phase was achieved and a plot was plotted against O.D. and time interval.Preparation of fanny cultures64 pots were prepared each consisting of one control and three test pots (Cosio et al, .2004). 2 kgs of sieved garden soil was used to plant Alternanthera versicolor plantlets (20 cm in length) in each pot. Pots were placed in greenhouse for 10 days for the plantlets to get adapted. The pot culture sets were prepared according to two criteria 1. According to various concentrations of lead being added and 2. According to the number of days of study (10, 20). After the adaptation was completed, various concentrations (25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L and 100 mg/L) of lead was added at regular interval. flesh 1 Pot cultures of Alternanthera versicolor prepared in 2 kg soil with varying lead concen trationTreatment of effective strain in potsSeed culture of effective isolate VITPSS1J was prepared in Nutrient broth (incubated at RT for 24 hrs). The bacterial culture was pull ahead mass multiply by inoculating 100l of seed culture into 4 Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 250ml NB. 10 ml of this mass multiplied culture was added to each pot and left for next 10 days (Hussain et al,. 2013).After 10 days, first set of plants were uprooted from the pots (10th day pots of all concentrations).Further studies were carried out on the uprooted plants in guild to study the uptake of lead by these plants in association with bacteria in 10 days.Morphological characterizationThe root and shoot length of the uprooted plants was calculated. The length of root and shoot of the test plants were compared with that of the control plants. Comparison of the root-shoot length was also done among plants uprooted from various concentrations. The tinct of the plants was also observed.Anthocyanin Est imationAnthocyanin is a pigment responsible for the red, purple, blue colour of several fruits and vegetables, cereals and grains. Anthocyanin can also be used as a pH indicator. Each plant was studied for the amount of anthocyanin present. The leaves of a plant were taken and ground with 70% ethanol and 7% acetic acid (in the ratio 32) in a mortar-pestle and transferred to Falcon tubes. Sterile water was added in all tubes including the controls. The tubes were kept in rotary shaker for 10 minutes and then centrifuged (15 mins, 4C, 4500 rpm). The supernatant was removed and 400 l of methyl alcohol was added in each tubes. The anthocyanin content was measured by taking the UV spectrophotometric reading at 530 nm and 657 nm. The same procedure was followed for all the 12 plants.Chlorophyll EstimationEach plant was also studied for determining the chlorophyll content. The leaves were cut into small pieces and mixed with 70% ethanol and ground using mortar-pestle. The variety show w as then transferred to Falcon tubes and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 mins. Supernatant was used for spectrophotometer assay of chlorophyll at 665nm and 652 nm.RESULTSIsolation of lead resistant bacteriaA total of three morphologically distinct colonies were observed in MSM agar plates supplementedwith 150mg/l of lead and named VITPSS1J, VITPSS2J, VITPSS3JFig 2 Mother culture plates of the isolated bacteria from tannery sludge B. PGPR analysis of isolatesIndole Acetic Acid Production The ability of obtained isolates for IAA production was assessed. Pink coloration was observed for isolate VITPSS3J. Hence VITPSS3J was used for further studies. Phosphate Solubilisation For the detection of phosphate solubilisation, a clear zone of inhibition is considered as a positive conformation for solubilisation. As the isolates were not able to produce any clear zone observed in the Pikovskaya media plate, the isolates were considered negative for phosphate solubilisation.Growth KineticsGrowth kinetics was performed for effective isolateVITPSS3J. Stationary phase was achieved at 270 min (Graph1)B. Morphological CharacterisationThe leaves of Alternanthera versicolor are originally reddish purple in colour. But it was observed that after the supply of lead in the soil the colour of leaves turned green. Root and shoot length were measured for Alternanthera versicolor at regular interval of 10, 20 days to check the effect of toxic lead concentration of plant growth ( fudge1, set back2).Table 2 Root and shoot measurement after 10 days of observationTable 3 Root and Shoot measurement after 20 days of observationAnthocyanin and Chlorophyll concentrationAnthocyanin is a pigment responsible for purple, blue colour of several fruits grains and flowers. Chlorophyll is a pigment which provides green colour to the plant. (Table 3, 4)Table 4 Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation after 10 days of observationTable 5 Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation after 20 days of observation vi sualize 1 Estimation of anthocyanin after 10 days of observationFigure 2 Estimation of chlorophyll b by using spectrophotometer (652nm)Figure 3Fig 5 Estimation of chlorophyll a using spectrophotometer (665 nm) after 10 days of observationFigure 4. Estimation of Anthocyanin after 20 days of observationFigure 5Fig 7 Estimation of chlorophyll b by using spectrophotometer (652 nm) after 10 days of observationFigure 6Fig 8 Estimation of chlorophyll a by using spectrophotometer (665 nm) after 20 days of observationmolecular(a) characterizationThe obtained isolate was characterized molecularly by 16s rRNA sequencing (Sarita et al,. 2005). Effective bacterial strains were characterized using the universal primers 27F (5-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3) and 1492R (GGTTACCTTGTTTTACGACTT-3). DNA extracts from cells DNA and the 16s Rrna sequence was determined by fluorescent dye terminator method using the sequencing kit. Products were obtained and run on a sequencer.DISCUSSIONThe present study deals w ith rhizoremedial treatment of the plant Alternenthera versicolor using bacterial isolates of tannery sludge. The plant has been tested as a hyper accumulator of lead which is a toxic heavy metal. Many plants have been worked upon for phytoremedial and rhizoremedial studies using n Alternenthera versicolor different heavy metals such as isolation of potent PGPR isolate tannery sludge was serially diluted and plated onto MSM agar plates. Carassco et al,.2005 also isolated lead degrading bacteria using Nutrient Agar Medium.Alternenthera versicolor was tested for its ability to be proved as a potent hyperaccumulator of lead. Hyperaccumulators are plants that have the abilities to take up higher concentration of toxic contaminants or compounds. Some of the hyperaccumulators already proved are Agrostis castellana(McCutcheon et al,.2003),Brassica juncea(E.lombi et al,. 2001),Brassica napus(McCutcheon et al,. 2003),Helianthus annuuus(Schmidt et al,.2003). The ability of VITPSS1J to act as a potent PGPR isolate was assessed. VITPSS1J was found to be positive for Indole Acetic Acid production (Hussain et al,.2013), but it showed negative result phosphate solubilizing agent, indicating it has effectiveness as a PGPR organism. Alternenthera versicolor was tested for its ability to phytoremediate toxic lead concentration at 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L and 100mg/L concentrations of lead. Earlier reports have suggested the use of Brassica juncea as a potent hyper accumulator for lead. Thus shoot and root length was checked at regular interval and it was found be similar as compared to the control suggesting the effectiveness of Alternenthera versicolor in remediating lead contamination.(Hussain et al,. 2013). Anthocyanin and chlorophyll estimation also suggest the similar result as anthocyanin and chlorophyll content of a plant are a major indicating work out for its toxic uptake studies. Higher level of anthocyanin and chlorophyll at day 10 and 20 suggest that toxic effect of lead has been neutralised by various mechanism taking place in the plant like phytostabalisation and phytovolatalisation (Irene Kuiper et al,.2003).Thus the present study proves that Alternenthera versicolor can be used as a hyperaccumulator of lead at concentration ranging from 25 to 100 mg/L.CONCLUSIONAlternenthera versicolor has hence been proved as a potent hyperaccumulator of lead at concentration ranging from 25 to 100mg/L and VITPSS1J can be used to remediate lead contamination. Hence further study on the synergistic interaction between Alternenthera versicolor and VITPSS1J.V. REFERENCES1. 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