AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Actions and Prevention

The outbreak of AIDS and HIV has long been a health threat plaguing the Sub-Saharan region of Africa. Millions of people currently suffer from this disease, and the number of afflicted people still continues to rise. With the AIDS virus continues to be incurable, it is clear that medicine alone cannot provide Africa with enough relief or slow the growing percentages of people being infected or born with the disease.The only way that Africa could possibly be rid of AIDS– or at least have the spread of AIDS be stopped– is through preventative measures rather than medicine. It is through education and awareness rather than medicine that the Sub-Saharan African population will be able to stop the spread of HIV and AIDS; and in order for education to be effective, diligence and cooperation are also needed.  Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the area of the continent located in or below the Sahara Desert. The countries above this region are considered to be part of the Arab worl d, while Sub-Saharan Africa is referred to as the â€Å"black countries†.These countries include Angola, Botswana, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Somalia, and Zimbabwe (Avert 2010). With Africa consisting of so many third-world nations in which education is considered a luxury that is available to only a small percentage of the population, it is no wonder why HIV has become such a widespread epidemic.Back in 2008, approximately 22.4 million children and adults were reported as living with HIV, and an estimated 1.4 million African people actually died from AIDS (Avert 2010). What is worse, is that more than 14 million African children have lost at least one parent to AIDS, and many do not have any other living relatives.This is why there are so many children living in orphanages; and many of them, unfortunately, were born carrying the HIV virus. According to UNAIDS, a Joint United Nations Program for HIV and AIDS, â€Å"Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region mo st heavily affected by HIV. In 2008, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 67% of HIV infections worldwide, 68% of new HIV infections among adults and 91% of new HIV infections among children.The region also accounted for 72% of the world’s AIDS-related deaths in 2008† (UNAIDS 2010). These statistics demonstrate how extreme the HIV and AIDS situation is throughout the African continent. It is especially unfortunate how many children are infected with HIV at the time of their birth and are essentially sentenced to a life with the virus.If more and more people are being born as HIV carriers, then the spread of the virus will continue to grow at an exponential rate.When it comes to the African population that is infected with HIV and AIDS, the groups of people who are the most likely to become infected is highly disproportionate.There are more than twice as many women and girls who are carrying the virus than there are boys and men in West Africa alone; and as a whole, females make up 60% of the infected population of sub-Saharan Africa. This imbalance is due to many social and cultural factors that negatively affect the female population. The UNAIDS group describes these statistics as such:Women’s vulnerability to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa stems not only from their greater    physiology susceptibility to heterosexual transmission, but also to the severe social, legal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and economic disadvantages they often confront.A recent comprehensive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   epidemiological review†¦ in Lesotho found that sexual and physical violence is a key   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   determinant of the country’s severe HIV epidemic. According to a recent survey, 47% of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   men and 40% of women in Lesotho say women have no rights to refuse sex with their   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   husbands or boyfriends. (UNAIDS 2010)It is not only a lack of awareness and education that has attributed to the spread of HIV, but also the lack of female rights in certain sub-Saharan African countries. Rape statistics are relatively high, with both grown women and young girls being the victims of these crimes.With relaxed laws failing to protect women from male sex offenders, it is clear why there are so many more women than men who become infected with HIV.The prevalence of female and child prostitution and sex trafficking also contributes greatly to the spread of the virus. It is a combination of a lack of sex education, women’s rights, and general safety that are causing the steady increase of the HIV-positive population along with spikes in the African mortality rates; and these are all issues that medicine alone cannot address.South Africa is currently one of the most HIV-infested countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2009, approximately 5.7 million people were living with the HIV virus, with the majority of these people being female (Avert 2010). In order to combat these figures and the further spread of HIV, â€Å"†¦the South African Government launched a major counseling and testing campaign (HCT) in 2010.By raising awareness of HIV the campaign aims to reduce the HIV incidence rate by 50% by June 2011† (Avert 2010). First, earlier testing is now being offered to pregnant women who have already tested positive for HIV in order to determine whether or not the virus has been passed on to their child.More importantly, are the measures the South African government have taken in order to spread AIDS awareness. The government has funded everything from different from commercials, to door-to-door campaigning, to public speakers and free HIV tests. Many surveys have proven that these campaigns have been well-received by certain age groups.More than 75% of South African between the ages of 15-24 years old, for example, reported having seen at least one of the campaigns; but the as age increases, the percentage o f people who have heard messages of AIDS awareness tends to decline (Avert 2010).This is most likely due to the majority of these campaigns targeting individuals of the younger generations– those who may not yet be sexually active, and those who are young enough to make early decisions that will protect them in the future.Although the awareness of HIV and AIDS has grown, people are not necessarily aware of how to prevent the virus from being transmitted and spread. The South African government has therefore been distributing hundreds of millions of male and female condoms among people, educating them on how to properly use this form of contraception and how condoms offer protection from sexually transmitted diseases.Studies show that condoms are mostly used by teenagers and young adults, which accounts for the decrease in the percentage of young people with HIV over the past few years. Overall, approximately 62% of people in South Africa habitually used condoms during sex in 2008, which is a dramatic improvement from the 27% figure back in 2002 (Avert 2010).As an additional form of HIV and AIDS prevention, clinics have begun to offer male circumcisions, as it was found that the procedure decreases one’s chances of contracting the virus by 60%. â€Å"It was estimated that a program with full coverage of male circumcision could prevent half a million infections and 100,000 deaths within a decade, with these figures rising in the decades to follow† (Avert 2010).This shows how the South African government has targeted HIV from a preventative standpoint, focusing on younger generations and measures such as condoms and male circumcision in order to educate the country about the virus and how it can be spread.Along with attacking the AIDS epidemic by increasing awareness and education, Nigeria has also taken a stand against the spread of HIV by addressing the political problems behind it.As part of the UNAIDS group, the country has released a pro gress report summarizing the actions that the government has taken in regards to the virus. The Nigerian government states:Nigeria has [formed] the Global Coalition of Woman and AIDS by establishing and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inaugurating National Action for Women Coalition and AIDS†¦ NAWOCA addresses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the vulnerability of girls, women and children through increase access to information and   Ã‚   education on prevention, treatment, care and support for HIV and reproductive heath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   services. (UNAIDS 2010)This is a prime example of how HIV can be targeted from several directions that can all contribute to the future health of the African people. Nigeria has also increased its budget regarding HIV education, testing, and the funding of groups such as the NAWOCA in order to further their progress in decreasing the annual number of new infections.One important aspect of AIDS that should be recognized is that it is not only the disease itself that threatens the sub-Saharan African population. People typically consider AIDS to be a product of infectious diseases when, in reality, it is also the product of risky behavior (Green 2003: 57).If people are having unprotected sex on a regular basis, for example, they are automatically putting themselves at risk of contracting HIV or any other sexually transmitted disease.Being more aware of what these diseases are will not necessarily prevent them from ever being infected– educating them on how to alter their behavior and practice safe sex habits, however, will. Educating Africans about safe sex is just as important has teaching them about AIDS awareness or the dangers of the HIV virus; but in Africa, this is not always an easy task.Many schools are still uneasy about discussing safe sex and diseases, because some believe the topic to be inappropriate. Some students also feel very uncomfortable when talking about this subject with adults or peers.Still, it is obvious that the benefits of safe sex education far outweighs the risks of not knowing about it at all. Rather than focusing on the so-called taboo nature of the topic and how uncomfortable some may feel, schools all over Africa must make a collaborative effort to be diligent and thorough in what they teach their students (Onyancha 2009: 86).

Independent Evolution vs Cultural Diffusion

Since the beginning of development, many different cultures came into existence. Civilizations began and of course empires grew. Several reasons lead to the evolution of large, powerful empires. Some include cultural diffusion, great leaders, inventions, and more. The main reasons were independent inventions and cultural diffusion. The best explanation for the evolution of the large powerful empires was cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion is when a culture spreads from one group or empire to another and therefore the empires cultures are diverse and the more the diverse a community is the more stable it is. Independent inventions is when a culture invents new methods of life on their own, such as methods of gathering food, hunting, creating weapons, wood work, and as well as ceremonies. Culture diffusion was seen all through many civilizations. In Document 1, Confucius speaks about the importance of parents and how you piety and your reasoning in life is to first serve your parents. Confucius then says after serving the parents you serve the ruler. Cultural diffusion causes this asset to spread. In Document 2, Seng Du, states the serving the king is the assistance in the ruling of one’s country. Many civilizations followed the same moral. In Documents 6 and 7, the details in which the structures were built are very similar. Cultural diffusion is portrayed in the documents. The Romans began using columns just like the Greek. In Document 8, the trade routes were the main reason in cultural diffusion. Traders began meeting with others and began developing there languages and soon they brought them back to there own civilizations and the cultures spread. The evolution of large powerful empires was caused by independent inventions. In Document 4, In the Bhagavad-Gita the Hindu came up with there own way they saw the universe. The Hindus believed in spirits and the multiform world. The document describes the appearance of the deity. In Document 4, Ashoka practices morality and the once war machine ended. Since he is the ruler he believes in all men to be his children. Ashoka desires that all his children be happy in this world and in the after as he wishes for the men also. Ashoka believes that there should be growth of spirit of morality. Independent inventions are portrayed because there are different eliefs and different morals. In Document 5, Julius Caesar defeats enemies and then celebrates with five triumphs. Independent inventions are shown in the document because Romans came up with their own ceremonies. Julius celebrated five triumphs. The celebrations were after the war ended. Many civilizations had their own ceremonies and methods of life. Cultural diffusion also played an important role. Some additio nal types of documents that would help asses the development of empires are primary documents like journals. Journals from traders or citizens would be the best. Trading was the main reason of expansion and evolution. Traders were the reason new languages and cultures spread. With the spreading there were expansions and the empires evolved. As you can see, cultural diffusion and independent inventions were some reasons for evolution is the great empires. With cultural diffusion and independent invention a gradual change occurred in the empires. Beliefs and traditions spread and ceremonies evolved. Diversity became an important role and the more diverse a community is the more stable it is.

Ideas Of Death In Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideas Of Death In Epic Of Gilgamesh - Essay Example He has another dream in which the afterlife is revealed to him. The vision of the afterlife is grim and depressing: those who had lived as royalty once now toiled as servants for eternity. Enkidu's vision makes even Gilgamesh weep with sorrow for his friend. In Enkidu's instance, then, the familiar pattern of Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance follows its course but in a slightly more compact way. Enkidu begins with anger at the gods Shamash, Ishtar and the mortal hunter and Shamhat. He then goes into depression, following the dream of the afterlife. Enkidu finally moves on to acceptance as begins to take responsibility for his foolhardy actions that have led to his death. This same course does not follow in the case of Gilgamesh. Enkidu comes to terms with his death before he passes on, but Gilgamesh is far from being so accepting. In fact, the proof of his friend's mortality only eggs him on to search for ways of avoiding the same fate. If this quality of Gilgame sh – a mixture of hubris and courage – that make him both admirable and detestable as a hero. While readers are in awe of his strength and courage in the face of dangers like the bull or Humbaba, there is also a certain distaste one might feel at his arrogance and self-obsession. Not only does he, as king, exploit his subjects, he even attempts to take on mortality itself. This quest for immortality is what predominates over the next section of the narrative. Enkidu's example serves to emphasize the inevitability of death.

Case Study for Student Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study for Student Analysis - Essay Example There were many issues with the recruiting round Carl Robbins realized. Carl started his college recruiting round in April. He was supposed to have everything ready within three months. Carl scheduled an orientation for the new employees on June 15 so that the recruits would be ready for work by the start of July. Monica as the manager contacted Carl on May 15th to ensure everything would be ready on time. Carl reassured her he had everything under control. It became apparent from the case that Carl was either incompetent or simply did not realize all the leg work that had to be performed prior to getting these employees ready for work. Carl needed to have in place the training schedule, orientation, manuals, policy booklets, physicals and drug tests. Carl could not do this alone and he needed help in the process. The problem was that Carl never asked for any help since there were internal communication problems at ABC. Two weeks prior to the deadline Carl did not have the documentat ion in place including a lack of drug testing for the applicants. On top of these problems Carl at the last moment realized that the training room he need to perform the two week orientation for the employees had not been separated for that purpose due to the fact that Joe from technical services had the room separated for computer training seminars for the new database software implementation. Carl Robbins is in a lot of trouble right now and he needs alternative solutions to the problem. The first solution to the problem would be to cancel the entire recruiting process and start all over. This solution is not too good because it would cost the company thousands of dollars and more importantly it would cost the firm over three months of valuable time. The firm already started investing money and resources in the recruiting process of the 15 new employees. Monica

International Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The investment fund is in a continuous recruitment process, especially in Africa. 1.3 Industry Sector the industry served by the company is financial services. The investment fund is involved in financing and advising of the smaller and less privileged business in the rural parts of Latin America and Africa (Root Capital, 2013c). The objective of the investment fund in to increase rural prosperity and decrease environmental vulnerability within small and medium businesses (Root Capital, 2013b). Offerings The company is involved in increasing its environmental and social impact with the help of three step strategy. These include financing, advising and catalyzing Financing- this involves providing leans to the small and medium business in rural and poor sections of various countries. Presently Root Capital operated in Africa and Latin America. The company is involved in both long term and short term financing of loans. Through lending, a support system is provided to the rural ecosyst em. Advising- the investment fund is involved in providing financial training to prospective clients as well as current clients. The objective of providing management training in finance is to make these clients capable of establishing and maintaining business. The service products in financial advisory include information seminars, diagnostic workshops, and financial training and preparation services for loan application Catalyze- root capital aims to create a financial market in which the underprivileged and vulnerable classes of business are provided with full potential and expertise so they are able to thrive in this competitive market and make a mark for themselves. The catalyze strategy for Root Capital is to innovate and accelerate. 1.4 Main market (Domestic/ International) Root capital is majorly involved in international market. Majority of its operational revenue come from Latin America and Africa. The target clients of Root Capital are small and medium businesses in rural areas. During the early days, majority of the clients were from agricultural background. Later on, the company started providing loans to coffee products and small trading companies. 1.5 B2B/B2C Root Capital falls in business to business category where small and medium businesses from rural parts of Latin America and Africa are its customers. Demographic Profile of the entrepreneur REF DESCRIPTION RESPONSE 2.1 Age, Gender, education, marital status etc. William Fulbright Foote popularly known as Willy Foote is the founder and current Chief Executive Officer of Root Capital. Willy is 43 years old and married to Virginia Foote. His present home address is Greater Boston. Willy completed his bachelors from Yale University in the year 1990. He then went on to pursue his masters in development economics from the London School of Economics 2.2 Prior Work Experience He stated his carrier working with Latin American Corporate Finance (LACF) as a financial analyst. After leaving Wall Street , Willy started working as a business journalist in Mexico. This was the time when he was confronted with the challenges of the small and medium businesses of the rural areas and the disadvantages they were facing. 2.3 Personal interest, special training Willy Foote completed his specialist training at the Aspen Institute in the year 2012. He attended the Henry Crown Fellowship Class. Apart from work, he likes to spend his time with family.

Bad habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bad habits - Essay Example This is what I am learning right now in my current relationship. I have developed a bad habit that is so shocking I am hesitant to write about it here. It began several months ago and this habit is starting to make me think I might actually have some sort of obsession or addiction. My bad habit is sneaking peeks in my boyfriend’s phone. I’m sure that you are thinking that this really isn’t such a big deal and that I shouldn’t feel so bad about it. But the fact is I do feel badly, and I think you will understand why once you see how this one bad habit is starting to take over my life. I have been with my current boyfriend for nearly a year and I love his company. We always have such a good time and he is so incredibly hot. I can’t believe how gorgeous this guy is some times. I know that I am attractive, but my boyfriend could be a model. I had to get used to the fact that everywhere we went, other girls were going to be checking him out. He is very p opular, so we can’t go anywhere without him running into old girlfriends or girls that would love to be his current girlfriend instead of me. At first I thought all of this was very flattering. I had the guy that lots of other girls wanted. But after a while, I started to feel insecure. That is when the trouble began. The first time I looked into his phone is still very bright in my memory. He had forgotten the phone at my place after visiting one afternoon. I couldn’t resist. I picked up the phone three or four times before opening it up. At first I was curious. I just started to look through his photos. I was glad to see that he had a picture of me on his screen and that I was featured in more of his galleries than any other girl. But then I noticed that there was a blonde girl that was in almost as many photos as me. I didn’t recognize her and he never described her to me. I immediately grew suspicious and jealous. I simply had to check his messages. I snoope d through his messages but didn’t find any clues about the blonde girl. I didn’t find any evidence that he was cheating. I was relieved, but also angry because I didn’t know whom the blonde girl was. He came to pick up the phone and I didn’t let on that I had snooped. Now all I can think about is finding out who this blonde girl is that my boyfriend has in his phone. I have tried to find out about her by bringing up the blonde friend without letting on that I saw her in his phone. So far he hasn’t given me any clues. I am concerned because this bad habit is starting to negatively affect my life in two ways. The first way it is affecting my life is my boyfriend and I seem to be fighting all of the time now. He is constantly asking me what is wrong and I can’t tell him because he will know I snooped in his phone. The sad fact is that since my first peek, I have gone through his phone at least a dozen times. I just can’t stop until I fin d out who this mystery girl is. The second way this is affecting my life is I have started doing this with all of my girlfriends. I have been showing them how to find out things about their boyfriends by snooping in their phones. I have actually gone out with some of these friends and staked out their boyfriend’s house so they can tell if he is cheating or not. I can’

Differentiated Instruction for Student Readiness Essay

Differentiated Instruction for Student Readiness - Essay Example A statewide assessment of teachers in California recognized the top three challenges facing high school teachers regarding English language learners (Gibbons, 2002). The leading problem is communicating with English-language learners regarding academic, personal and social issues. The second challenge is motivating and encouraging English-language learners. The final challenge is addressing the diverse and individual needs of English-language learners in both English-language acquisition and academic skills. Critics have, however, proved that if teachers improve on their skill, then they will be in a better position to teach these ELL students (Cruz, 2005). Therefore, on to the thesis, this article is addressed particularly to teachers, as well as administrators in schools, which have bilingual, or dual language programs, but lack proper strategies of implementing them. The article will describe strategies that will help educators scaffold content along with language learning for ELL s. It will also suggest likely steps in implementing some of the vital elements of the strategies and direct educators to additional resources. These strategies are derived from numerous research studies from the past years that recognize effective methods for improving English language learners’ content knowledge. It also focuses on ways of improving English along with other subjects such as math, history, literature and science. Vocabulary and Language Development Content Knowledge The first strategy is vocabulary and language development whereby teachers or educators introduce fresh concepts through discussing vocabulary, which is vital to the concept being taught (Helmer & Eddy, 1996). Exploring crucial academic terms, such as algorithm, starts a sequence of lessons on greater math concepts, as well as the student’s background knowledge. Educators could join student-accessible concepts or synonyms to the essential vocabulary. Educators could also help students in d ifferentiating word meanings and their uses for subject-specific duties and prerequisite language skills (Gibbons, 2002). Academic Language It is essential to engage beginning-level learners in using the basic social and school phrases, vocabulary, as well as sentence structures (Gibbons, 2002). As the ELLs progress, educators should continue to contextualize instruction of complex language forms and uses. Teachers can, at this point, incorporate subject-specific vocabulary, sentences and grammatical forms in the readings and writings in the class (Helmer & Eddy, 1996). Sample Activities and Assessments Assessing the progress of these students could be done in a variety of ways such as word analysis and interactive editing (Hu & Nation, 2002). Word analysis involves practices such as ELLs dissecting words into their parts like prefix, suffix and root. Interactive editing, on the other hand, involves noting cloze paragraphs, reading subject-specific journals and dictations. Finally, when assessing the progress of ELLs, it essential to give them journals or A-B-C books to read out loud to the educators to check on their progress (Nation, 2001). Guided Interaction Content Knowledge Guided instructions assist teachers to structure lessons for students to learn together so as to understand what they read (Nation, 2001). This can be achieved through, speaking, listening, reading, as

Is Physical Activity More Important in Defining Health Benefits Essay

Is Physical Activity More Important in Defining Health Benefits - Essay Example Regular participation in physical activity is imperative to maintaining and improving good health (Blair, Cheng, and Holder, P. 380). Communities and organizations are usually encouraged to provide support to their members and staff to do physical activities. This can be achieved by offering and supporting programmes that intend to increase such activities. They can install fitness gymnasium among others. As physical fitness educators work in the present with many students, it is vital to make sure that the student’s current physical activity is achieved by encouraging them to continue over a lifetime. Research has noted that transition from childhood physical activity to adult fitness is crucial to improving individual health throughout (Malina, P. 162). The current physical activity guidelines for adults aged between 18 and 64 years consist of minimum one hundred and fifty of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes vigorous-intensity physical activity. These can be combined with muscle-strengthening activities that strengthen all the major muscles. The four areas of the target in doing the exercise are cardiorespiratory exercise, flexibility exercise, neuro-motor exercise and intensity exercise. The intensity of the exercise refers to the rate and extent to which the exercise is performed or the effort required to carry out an activity. The moderate intensity physical activity includes brisk walking, dancing, and domestic chores among others. Vigorous physical activity includes running, fast cycling, aerobics and fast swimming among others (Kyrà ¶là ¤inen et al. P. 912). Lack of performing physical activity has persistently contributed to the escalation of obesity and overweight. Therefore, individuals should always engage in performing daily physical activities to maintain their health fitness by averting diseases related to lack of exercise.

Benefits and Cons of Home Schooling Research Paper

Benefits and Cons of Home Schooling - Research Paper Example These tend to find it very difficult to cope in a working environment, and some even have problems getting employment because they do not have the necessary skills to do the jobs which they aspire to. To combat this, many parents are finding it worthwhile to teach their children themselves, and this has made home schooling very popular with a growth rate of ten to fifteen percent every year. Statistics show that home schooled children tend to do better than those in public schools, but despite this there have also been arguments against it with some saying that education is not all about getting good grades but also about learning social skills, which, as many feel, these children do not have (Wolfe). In this paper, we shall discuss the pros and cons of home schooling, and at the end of it we shall determine whether it is the best way of educating children. One of the benefits of home schooling is the fact that the students are able to study whatever topics or subjects they want and for as long as they want while also covering what can be considered to be basic knowledge (Ryan). This helps a lot when determining their areas of interest and what field they would like to specialize in as the focus of their further education. Since this is determined early, home schooled students tend to work towards their life goals at an earlier age, and it is a common thing for them to be done with their education much earlier than their colleagues in public schools are. Not only are they able to comprehend better what they are taught, but the idea that they are being allowed to do the subject that they want to do acts as a motivator for them to work even harder. The basic education of a home schooled student can be completed between the ages of six and ten according to their ability. This ensures that they have all the time they need to concentrate on their subjects of interest until are well versed in them or when they are ready to do other subjects that have caught their int erest. Educational freedom gives the student enough time not only to study what they wish at a specific time but also helps in their mental and academic development as there is no pressure to do those subjects they do not want to do in a hurry. Home schooling allows for the physical freedom not only of the students involved but also of their parents as well because their lives no longer revolve around school hours but are determined by the amount of school work which has been set for the students for a particular day. After being withdrawn from the public school system, it is a very normal situation for students to suffer from shock, but after the initial shock is gone, subsequently these students experience a new sense of freedom, which they never experienced while they were in the school system. They not only get to have more free time on their hands because home schooling is not as rigorous as the public schooling, but they also get to spend more time with their families, which i s a very aspect. This helps to promote better understanding between the parents and their children and is an advantage over many students in the public school system. Those in the school system tend to have less freedom of movement because they have to work for long hours every day, and when they come home, they always have homework to do,

Anthropology Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology Paper - Assignment Example Linguistics helps to explain the connection between language and culture as well as social behavior by tracing origins, deviations and similarities of language groups. Ethnology is the examination of similarities and differences of current societies and it helps to understand contemporary issues from legal and political point of views through data collection, recording, researching and testing of theories (Ferraro & Andreatta, 2009). Chapter 2 discussed the attempts by early anthropologists to describe race biologically. Describe the typological and population models. The typological model the 19th and 20th century explained the variation of human differences into racial types. The observation of traits like skin color, hair form, boy build, shape of head, shape of nose body stature and others were seen as markers of a ‘race’. Therefore particular traits would explain a group of people and hence the emergence of whites, blacks, darks and reds which was flawed (Scupin, 20 03). The flaw in this model was corrected by the Population model through anatomical and physiological traits. Thus, this model introduced population genetics which assumed that people who had close relationship in distance had similar appearance hence the explanation that their ancestors must have mated for along time hence the idea of breeding population. Describe the impact of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution on studies of divisions of humans. Darwin’s theory of evolution based its claim on variations of human beings. Origin of species suggested that in nature natural selection existed. The weak species got eliminated by the environment and other human factors to live the strong that were well suited for survival. His theory led to greater racism and conflict in class as those considered less civilized races were seen not fit to exist with the civilized world. In the result, the civilized theorized through eugenics that it was inherited from their ancestors and therefore the savages ere not fit to live. The theory impacted view from economics, religion, politics, culture as well as others that wanted to advance the cause of racism hence more division in human kind. This spread all over the world with serious repercussions (Haycraft, 1895). The scientific racialism experiment of the 18th and 19th century resulted in the concept of eugenics. Describe this term and its social consequences. Eugenics was introduced by Francis Galton a cousin of Charles Darwin. He that human beings could opt to choose only the best of their strong species through natural selection. According to him, the highest in the society comprised of the most favored and best while the lowest were poor savages (Downs & Bleibtreu. 1969).The term eugenics came to be associated with the views of those who proposed that population control should be based with the best of the society and eliminating those who were at the lowest. It led to the rise of positive and negative eugeni cs and the poor people were considered not important in the society. Social consequences took the form of social conflict between those were rich and those who were perceived poor (Zirkle, 1959). Describe Franz Boas’ influence on the theories of scientific racialism. Franz Boas’ influence on scientific racialism was that of demolishing the deductive approach used to theorize about races. He felt that it was wrong for those theories to go

Ecology Lab Essay Example for Free

Ecology Lab Essay The ecosystem is composed of the producers, consumers, decomposers and the nonliving or abiotic components (Ecology, 1997). The producers are the plants that produce food through photosynthesis. The consumers have two types: herbivores or primary consumers and carnivores or secondary consumers. The herbivores are the animals that only eat plants while the carnivores are the animals that only eat meat. The animals that eat mixtures of plants and meat are called omnivores. Human beings are considered as omnivores. Fungi and bacteria are some of the decomposers in the ecosystem. The nonliving or abiotic components of the ecosystem are consisting of the dead organic matter and nutrients found in soil and water. What if all humans became vegetarians? Would it be beneficial to the earth or ecosystem? First of all, let me discuss the principle behind the food chain, food web and energy flow. â€Å"In a food chain, the sun’s energy is used by plants to make food. The plants are eaten by herbivores, which, in turn, are eaten by carnivores. Both plant and animal substances decompose when they die and return mineral substances to the soil where bacteria use them to provide carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide and the sun’s energy then enter the chain again. † (Food Chains, 1992) But the situation in the ecosystem is not as simple as stated in the food chain so it is more advantageous to use the principle of food web. For example, a rat ate a grain from a plant, and then the rat was eaten by a snake. But the snake was also eaten by a honey bunger. The honey bunger serves as an intermediate link which is a higher level of predator than the snake. This makes food web more complicated. Also, energy is transferred in a food web. This transfer of energy in a food web is called energy flow (Energy Flow, 2008). Energy flow involves several trophic or feeding levels. When energy is passed on from one trophic level to another trophic, about 90% of the energy is lost due to respiration and some are being lost as heat in the environment. The top consumer of the food chain is the one who receives the less amount of energy. Energy in the food web is measured in terms of heat. The law of thermodynamics is also used to measure the energy lost and gain by the trophic levels. Another concept that can be useful in answering the question is the ecological pyramid. â€Å"An Ecological Pyramid (or trophic pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. Biomass pyramids show the abundance or biomass of organisms at each trophic level, while productivity pyramids show the production or turn-over in biomass. Ecological Pyramids begin with producers on the bottom and proceed through the various trophic levels, the highest of which is on top. † (Ecological pyramid, 2008) The trophic level with the highest number of population is the producer while the top most trophic level has the lowest number of population. Would it be beneficial if all humans became vegetarians? The above principles and information can be used to answer this question. It would not be beneficial if all humans will be vegetarians since this act might cause imbalances in the food web and in the ecosystem. Humans also contribute in the maintenance of the numbers of species in a given ecosystem. If humans will only eat plants, the population of the animals we are eating like cows, pigs and chickens will grow. Since these animals are herbivores or primary consumers, this will result to greater competition for foods derived from plants. The population of secondary consumers will be outnumbered by the primary consumers. This will in turn cause another growth in the population of primary consumers since the number of secondary consumers will not be enough to feed on the primary consumers. Again, this will cause disruption of the ecological pyramid. In terms of energy flow and thermodynamics, it is still not beneficial if all human beings will be vegetarians. Given with two scenarios: (a) humans feed directly on plants and (b) humans feed on animals like cows or chickens that also feed on food from plant sources, in what scenario can humans receive greater amount of energy? In the first scenario, humans are included in the trophic level next to producers which are the primary consumers while in the second scenario, humans are considered as secondary consumers. Also in the first scenario, the humans’ only source of energy is the producer which is the food from plant while in the second scenario; the humans’ sources of energy are the animals and the plants that were eaten by those animals. Even though 90% of the energy acquired by the animals that feed on plants is lost due to respiration, there is still a remainder of 10% that the human can receive when he/she will feed on those animals. Summing up and comparing all the energies received by humans in each scenario then we can say that humans can get a 10% higher amount of energy in the second scenario than in the first scenario. Like what was stated prior to this paragraph, the top most consumer of the food web who feed on plants will receive the least amount of energy. Also in the first scenario where humans feed directly on plant foods, lesser amounts of heat and carbon dioxide are released in the environment. In terms of ecosystem productivity, the humans can get higher net productivity when they act as secondary consumers than when they act as primary consumers. What is net productivity? â€Å"Net productivity is the amount of energy trapped in organic matter during a specified interval at a given trophic level less that lost by the respiration of the organisms at that level. † (Ecosystem productivity, 2004) Humans can indirectly acquire higher net productivity when they eat animals that feed on plant materials. Using all the arguments mentioned, one can conclude that it is not beneficial, for both humans and ecosystem, if all humans will be vegetarians. We must always bear in mind that all things in excess will not be advantageous or beneficial. References â€Å"Ecological pyramid†. 2008. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid â€Å"Ecology†. 1997. Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia Vol. 9. 12 â€Å"Ecosystem productivity†. 2004. http://users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/N/NetProductivity. html â€Å"Energy Flow†. 2008. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Energy_flow â€Å"Food chains†. 1992. The World of Animals. Australia: Regency Publishing Group. 9

A Very Filipino Way Of Doing Business Essay Example for Free

A Very Filipino Way Of Doing Business Essay Whenever I go to the local market with the Asawa, I love to wander around the meat and fish section. I love the squalor and the flies and the noise and total lack of any lip service being paid to basic hygiene regulations. It is so Filipino! I have my Suki for meat and another for chicken and one I go to for fish and seafoods. The Asawa has her own for vegetables, fruit and dry goods, spread around the market. A suki, for the uninitiated, is a regular provider of whatever it is you are buying. I think to be technically correct, you as the customer are actually the suki, but in typically Filipino fashion the word is used in either direction and you call the store you go to regularly your suki! We have a suki for bottled water. Our first suki would always deliver in the morning when we were out, despite having been told numerous times we wouldn’t be there to take the gallons (those large bottles of water usually seen in the office back home but commonplace in every home here) until after noon. Their insistence we change our routine to match theirs plus the fact it took six weeks to get them to sell us a table top stand for the bottles meant I spat the dummy one day and found a new suki! They realized the error of their ways and tried to regain the business but the damage had been done! Changing your suki is not something you undertake lightly. The very fabric of commercial society here is built upon the relationship between buyer and seller. When you look at any row of Filipino market stalls or shops, you may notice how everybody in a row is selling exactly the same thing. The plastic bucket shops are all over there. The hardware stalls are all over there, the next row is all cloth and old clothes. Not only are all the stalls for one line of merchandise in a row, they all look identical. Every stall has the same goods displayed exactly the same way. As if there is a pattern laid down by law as to how to display those goods! Woe betide you if you do it any other  way or s et up amongst the wrong stalls. The prevailing wisdom appears to be that you increase your chances of making some money if you are where people will go to look for the range of goods you offer. If the hardware stores were to spread themselves around the town then maybe one of them would wither on the vine as few people might find them. By having all of the hardware stores in the one spot, then it is guaranteed that anyone who needs hardware MUST gothere. Brilliant! So why would they shop at this store instead of that one if they all offer the same goods in the same location? The only answer I have ever received for that question has always been the same; because you know the store owner, or are a friend or, they are your SUKI! Personal relationships are very important to Filipinos and without them your business is pretty well doomed to fail. Once you start buying regularly from one store and they take on Suki status then the suki will lose face if you are seen purchasing elsewhere in the same market. Other store owners will know your suki is someone else and they will usually refrain from hassling you. Poaching customers has been known to lead to arguments, fights and even stabbings! You should be able to expect a discount (walay hang yoo) from your suki. Of course over time the actual discount might decrease as both parties become comfortable with the relationship and outright price is no longer as important as the trust displayed and enjoyed between parties. This is a factor of Filipino business that many foreigners never grasp. They expect a good deal right from the beginning, yet what have they done to deserve that favouritism? Anywhere in Asia there is a similar attitude to time. Time being invested to really get to know each other and develop trust and a rapport that will span generations. It is a long term view that we foreigners are coming up against way down the path the other parties involved have been traveling for perhaps centuries! The term interloper comes to mind and that is what we are in many ways. Break that down to the local food market level of commerce and the relationship may take less time to build but the concept remains the same. If you apply the same mindset to more expensive business ventures here then it is easy to develop guidelines. Firstly, don’t expect the best terms right off the bat, give the other guy time to get to know you and like you. Secondly, never show your anger or emotion, it shames you and the other party and achieves nothing worthwhile. Thirdly, if you are being  ripped off, don’t be in too much of a hurry to take your business elsewhere. This goes for the meat suki too. I had one who was putting the old thumb on the scales when weighing my beef tenderloin every Thursday. I knew I was being short changed somehow, yet the challenge was how to turn this around to my advantage as I loved my beef and there was only one other stall that sold it. My solution was to negotiate an extra piece thrown in after the kilo or two was weighed and agreed upon. This let the suki think they were doing me a favour and building rapport while I was actually getting what I was paying for. The end result was they finally caught on and stopped thumbing the scales and I eventually stopped insisting on my extra chunk. They got the message that I knew they were ripping me off, yet nobody lost face and business carried on as usual. In some ways, dealing with your suki is good training for dealing with so much that you will confront in this country. Going head to head will only have you losing time after time. You may think you won, you made your point, you showed them but the reality is Filipinos, like most Asians, take the long term view in many things. There is the short term immediate gratification often exploited by the lesser educated and those who figure they will never have to deal with you again but on the whole the opposite is more often the case. Choose your suki wisely, and then stick with them. Work out your differences in ways other than the typical western yelling and posturing and you are sure to come out a winner in the long term. In the commercial context, suki relationships (market- exchange partnerships) may develop between two people who agree to become regular customer and supplier. In the marketplace, Filipinos will regularly buy from certain specific suppliers who will give them, in return, reduced prices, good quality, and, often, credit. Suki relationships often apply in other contexts as well. For example, regular patrons of restaurants and small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops often receive special treatment in return for their patronage. Suki does more than help develop economic exchange relationships. Because trust is such a vital aspect, it creates a platform for personal relationships that can blossom into genuine friendship between individuals. Patron-client bonds also are very much a part of prescribed patterns of appropriate behavior. These may be formed  between tenant farmers and their landlords or between any patron who provides resources and influence in return for the clients personal services and general support. The reciprocal arrangement typically involves the patron giving a means of earning a living or of help, protection, and influence and the client giving labor and personal favors, ranging from household tasks to political support. These relationships often evolve into ritual kinship ties, as the tenant or worker may ask the landlord to be a childs godparent. Similarly, when favors are extended, they tend to bind patron and client together in a network of mutual obligation or a long-term interdependency. The word suki is a Filipino term which means loyal customer. This so-called market-exchange partnership can be developed into an agreement where one can be a regular customer and supplier. Contents [hide] * 1 Suki system * 2 Customer satisfaction * 3 Returning favors * 4 Reference * 5 Citation| - Suki system The suki system is a system of patronage in which a customer regularly buys their merchandise from a certain client. In the merchandising business, Filipinos often buy from specific suppliers who will provide their customers reduced prices, good quality and credit as well. These factors are the usual components of becoming a suki. The presence of trust and the development of friendship between the two parties is a vital aspect in the establishment of an economic exchange relationship. In some instances, regular patrons of restaurants, small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops receive special treatment in return for their patronage. Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction is essential to the survival of any business, small-scale or large-scale; and retailers know that satisfied customers are loyal customers. Consequently, retailers develop strategies to build relationships that result in customers returning to make more purchases. By responding to customer needs, business owners endeavor to meet or exceed  customer expectations for their product or service. This increases the likelihood of gaining sukis. The quality of after-sales service can also be a crucial factor in influencing any purchasing decision. In the current economic environment, businesses continuously strive not only for customer satisfaction, but for customer delight that extra bit of added value that may lead to increased customer loyalty. Any extra added value, however, will need to be carefully costed. Returning favors Usually, favors are returned or extended to both patron and clients. For example, this reciprocal arrangement typically involves the patron providing a means of earning a living or help, protection, and influence. The client in turn provides labor and personal favors, ranging from household tasks to political support. These relationships often evolve into ritual kinship ties, as the tenant or worker may ask the landlord to be a childs godparent. Similarly, when favors are extended, they tend to bind patron and client together in a network of mutual obligation or a long-term interdependency.

Factors for Youth Drug Use

Factors for Youth Drug Use What factors leads male young people aged 11 18 years old into taking illicit drugs in the UK? Abstract Statistical data has shown that an increasing number of young people aged between 11 and 18 are using illicit drugs either experimentally or habitually. This study examines a small sample of males aged between 11 and 18, and through unstructured interviews ascertains the reasons for their drug use. The study aims to identify ways in which prevention could be better facilitated for this particular age group. Introduction In men and women the misuse of illicit drugs has increased dramatically over the last 50 years (Zerbe, 1999). Research has shown that the particular age when young people begin using alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs is a predictor of later alcohol and drug problems. For example, 40% of young people who begin drinking at age 14 or younger develop alcohol dependence, compared with 10% of youth who start drinking at age 20 or older. (Ericson, 2001. In Laursen and Brasler, 2002: 181). It has been long-established that users of one drug are more likely to use other drugs than non-users (Gove and Geerken,1979) and that the use of correlates with the onset of psychiatric symptoms. Contemporary research suggests that amongst girls, tobacco use is often a strong indication that other drugs will be used in the future, and in males, alcohol use has been described as a ‘gateway to other drugs.’ (In Laursen and Brasler, 2002: 181). Reasons for young people experimenting or r egularly using drugs are varied, and include pressure from peers, stress and emotional factors, a desire to break convention, and the process of individualisation. Research into the consequences of divorce on young people has shown that negative consequences are most common shortly after a parental divorce (Frost and Pakiz, 1990). While research by Laursen and Brasler recorded the following responses as to why drugs were used: to numb the pain of abuse and neglect, to be accepted, peer pressure, to take control of my own life, for relaxation and pleasure to chill to improve my self-image because Im curious, stressed, or bored to assert myself. (Laursen and Brasler, 2002: 181) Social work practice is reliant upon research in order to find the most effective ways to deal with social problems (Chavkin, 1993). The National Institute of Mental Health ( 1991) proposed that social work research is invaluable because it ‘describes the work domain of social work as touching on a multitude of human problems that inflict pain and suffering on millions of individuals and families.’ (Chavkin, 1993: 3). As children develop into adolescence, they experience a series of dramatic changes, both physical, psychological , and psycho-social. Independence and identity are sought often through the need to belong to a group or more general movement. Substance use increases in adolescence (Johnston, OMalley, Bachman, 1998. In Laursen and Brasler, 2002: 181) as ‘smoking, drinking, and other drugs become a way to appear mature while fitting in with peers.’ (Laursen and Brasler, 2002: 181). Methodology A qualitative research method was decided to be most appropriate. Darlington and Scott (2002) highlighted the three most prominent research methods as being: In-depth interviewing of individuals and small groups Systematic observation of behaviour Analysis of documentary data (Darlington and Scott, 2002: 2) In-depth interviewing of individuals was chosen for this project, and it was proposed to interview five individuals between the ages of 11 and 18 within the young people’s service, using a random sampling method. As suggested by Darlington and Scott (2002: 3): ‘Research methods such as in-depth interviewing and participant observation are particularly well suited to exploring questions in the human services which relate to the meaning of experiences and to deciphering the complexity of human behaviour.’ This approach also offers far more potential for establishing a greater rapport with the individual, where a more trustworthy and detailed account of personal experiences might be achieved as opposed to observation techniques which might only offer relatively superficial or ambiguous evidence of inner thoughts and feelings. The interviews were taped; this ensured that the information was accessible, and facilitated more accurate and reliable research. For ethical reasons it was necessary to obtain the consent of the individuals being interviewed. It was made clear to participants that their information might be reproduced and possibly published as part of the study. It was necessary to obtain their consent prior to conducting the interview in case they objected to any later use of the information. In cases of younger respondents the permission of their older siblings or parents was asked prior to the interview. As the sample was chosen randomly the researcher did not have any influe ncer over the identity of the interviewees. Ten males were selected, of the ages: eleven, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, and eighteen. All respondents were interviewed in their homes by trained interviewers. Data was collected primarily through interview, and also through self-reports which aimed to establish the presence of any emotional instabilities. The present study made use of the interview format undertaken by researchers in the study by Vandervalk et al (2005) into the relationship between family problems and the behaviour of adolescents. In the 2005 study researchers used a shortened version of the General Health Questionnaire, which measured the extent to which psychological stress and depression had recently been experienced. On a 4-point scale, the respondents indicated the severity of their symptoms (e.g., feeling tense and nervous, feeling unhappy and dejected) during the past 4 weeks (1: much more than usual to 4: not at all). This was replicated for the current study. Youngsters indicated on a 4-point scale whether they had considered committing suicide during the last 12 months (1: never to 4: very often) (Diekstra et al., 1991). To distinguish between internal and external factors the 2005 model study used an ‘Adolescent Externalizing Behavior’ approach that measured the following: Risky habits, measuring the degree to which adolescents were involved in risky or unhealthy behavior. Self-report data on the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and soft drugs were used. On 8-point scales, youngsters indicated if and to what extent they smoked, drank alcohol, or used soft drugs Delinquent behavior was assessed as the number of delinquent acts the respondents reported over the past 12 months. The delinquency measure consists of 21 items pertaining to 3 types of delinquent behavior: violent crime (e.g., Have you ever wounded anyone with a knife or other weapon?), vandalism (e.g., Have you ever covered walls, buses, or entryways with graffiti?), and crime against property (e.g., Have you ever bought something which you knew was stolen?). Educational attainment of adolescents and young adults was assessed by asking youngsters about their current level of education or about the highest level of education achieved, in case they no longer participated in the educational system. (Taken from Vandervalk et al (2005: 533) Results As the interviews were unstructured it was not possible to identify all of these factors for each individual. However, each interview did touch on these areas, and it was left to the individual concerned as to whether they wished to discuss these factors as potential reasons for their use of substances. A list of factors can be found in Appendix One. 5 out of 10 respondents said that a lack of money in their family had, on one or more occasions, led them to become involved in anti social behaviour. All of these respondents affirmed a positive link between anti social behaviour and drug taking. One male, aged fifteen, said that he would take drugs in a group, but never alone, in order to gain enough confidence to ‘cause trouble’ in their local area. 9 out of 10 respondents believed that their age group was not catered for enough in the local area and that they took drugs for ‘something to do’ rather than being forced into it by emotional or stress factors. However, one respondent, aged eighteen, said that he used cocaine regularly because it ‘made his stress go away.’ When asked about the nature of the stress involved he said that he felt under pressure to achieve at school. He expressed concern that if he didn’t achieve then his family would continue to struggle financially. An added stress in this case was that the withdrawals he experienced from his use of the drug were negatively affecting his relationship with his family, and reducing his ability to complete his school work. When asked about the amount and regularity of drug use, more than half of respondents said that they used drugs more than occasionally. 3 of those said they used regularly ‘for something to do.’ And another said that they used ‘whenever they were bored.’ Major positive correlations were found between the respondents’ self-reports, where negative thoughts and stress prevailed, and the number of occasions that they confessed to using drugs. Although this link appears to be a significant one, it is possible that some interviewees did not give a completely accurate account of their use patterns, possibly in fear of being ‘found out’ by parents. More than two respondents said that they were attracted to drug taking because of its associations with criminality Results were consistent with the premises of the Social construction approach to defining and explaining the use of drugs in young people. Past research has defined drug use by minority youth as ‘a dysfunctional effort to escape problems stemming from poverty and racism or as an alternative means of making money in the face of underclass isolation from legitimate economic opportunities’ (Merton, 1957; Cloward and Ohlin, 1960; Finestone, 1957; Williams, 1990; Harrell and Peterson, 1992; Currie, 1993. In Covington, 1997: ) However, Covington criticises the social construction of drug problems amongst young people as too easily explaining away reasons for use through emphasis on individual differences as opposed to collective conditions. She suggests that trends in minority and majority drug use should receive separate treatment. Conclusion and Recommendations Future prevention through social work practice needs to focus on the areas of inclusion. A high percentage of respondents said that they used drugs recreationally, and that this had contributed to their developing addiction. That there exists positive associations with criminality reflects the need for social work policy to adapt to find more ways of addressing the needs of young people in particular areas. The findings of the Hidden Harm report commissioned by the government found that children of drug users are one of the most vulnerable groups within society, and as part of the Government response to the report it was suggested that ‘the voices of the children of problem drug users should be heard and listened to.’ (Department for Education and Skills, 2005:4). Research into this minority and publication of results could potentially help social work policy to deter young users from taking drugs, and might also deter young users from bringing up children around drugs. Future research might include a more socially diverse sample, including a greater variety in terms of race and background. Externalising factors might also include social trends and political changes, as these greatly affect the nature and accessibility of service provision within a local area. Bibliography Boynton, P. (2005) The Research Companion. Psychology Press Brendtro, L., Brokenleg, M., Van Bockern, S. (2002). Reclaiming youth at risk: Our hope for the future. (2nd ed.) Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service. Bryman, A. (1993), Approaches to Social Enquiry. London: Routledge Chavkin, N.F, (1993), The Use of Research in Social Work Practice: A Case Example from School Social Work. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers Corby B 2006 Applying Research in Social Work Practice Buckingham Open University Press Covington, J., ‘The Social Construction of the Minority Drug Problem.’  Social Justice, Vol. 24, (1997), pp. Darlington, Y, and Scott, D, (2002), Research in Practice: Stories from the Field. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen Unwin. Department of Education and Skills, (2005), ‘Government Response to Hidden Harm: the Report of an Inquiry by the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs’ [online]. Available from:  http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/_files/73D1398FE270B13D89AF63EF1A8B341D.pdf  [Accessed 2/08/08] Ericson, N. (2001). Substance abuse: The nations number one health problem. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Frost, A. K., and Pakiz, B. (1990). The effects of marital disruption on adolescents: Time as a dynamic. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 60: 544-555. Goldberg, D. P. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. General Practice Research Unit, Horsham Gove, W.R, and Geerken, M., (1979), ‘Drug Use and Mental Health among a Representative National Sample of Young Adults. Social Forces, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 572-590 Laursen, E.K, and Brasler, P, (2002), ‘Harm Reduction a Viable Choice for Kids Enchanted with Drugs?.’ Reclaiming Children and Youth. Volume 11. Issue 3. P. 181+. Marlatt, G.A. (1998). Basic principles and strategies of harm reduction. In G.A. Marlatt (Ed.), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors (pp. 49-66). New York: Guilford Press. Silverman, D, (2004), Doing Qualitative Research. London: Sage Strauss, A Corbin J. (1998), Basics of Qualitative Research. London: Sage. Vandervalk, I; Spruijt, I; De Goede, M; Mass, C, and Meeus, W, ‘Family Structure and Problem Behavior of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Growth-Curve Study.’ Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol 34. Issue 6. (2005). P. 533+ Zerbe, K.J, (1999), Womens Mental Health in Primary Care. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Appendix One Unstructured Interview: To identify the presence of influence of the following factors: Internalizing behaviour Adolescent age Individual-level Factors Adolescent Education Externalizing behaviour Family-level Factors Family Structure Family Income

Performance Appraisal of Agilent Technology Essay -- essays research p

Executive Summary For this report, I had chosen Agilent Technologies Sales (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd as my research topic. It is one of the branches in the world that delivers innovative technologies, solutions and services to a wide range of customers in communications, electronics, life sciences and chemical analysis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of Agilent's goals is to maintain a good-quality relationship between employees and management regardless of the economic conditions in which the business is operating. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report focuses on the Performance Appraisal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Agilent Technologies. Performance appraisal is one of the factors related to an organization’s long-term success. It has the ability to measure how well employees perform and then use the information to ensure that performance meets present standards and improves over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To help us have a view in the performance appraisal system of Agilent Technologies, an interview was conducted with two members of the company, Ms. Lim and Ms. Tracy Leong. Ms. Lim is the Assistant Manager in Customer Service, whereas Ms. Leong has been working in the Customer Service department for more 2 years. She is responsible for ensuring that their company’s customers receive an adequate level of service or help with their questions and concerns. Also, she interacts with customers to provide information in response to inquiries about products or services and to handle and resolve complaints, through a variety of means, either in person, by telephone, e-mail or regular mail correspondence, or fax, or even over the Internet. In Agilent, the Human Resources (HR) department has focused on improving responsiveness, clarifying the scope of its services and continuing to build its expertise. Despite difficult economic conditions in recent years, they have continued working toward making Agilent an employer of choice across the globe. The aim is to provide employees with a working environment they find challenging and enjoyable by hiring some of the best people and encouraging open communication and feedback with management. In Agilent, it is the responsibility of the managers to maintain a work environment where employees can openly discuss their performance, progress and development. This requires open and frequent c... ...l process. This helps reducing sampling error by increasing the number of observations and reduces the effect of possible biases. This way, the supervisors and managers will feel more comfortable, since they are no longer solely responsible for what happens to the person as a result of the rating. Probably there are still many ways to be researched and then be conducted. However, I do think these three ways are as important as they will lead the performance appraisal to a better system in Agilent Technologies. References: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stone, R.J. 2002, 4th edn, Human Resource Management, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd., Australia. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fisher, C. D., Schoenfeldt, L. F. and Shaw, J. B. 1993, 2nd edn, Human Resource Management, Houghton Mifflin Company, London. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paterson, T. T. 1972, 2nd edn, Job Evaluation: A New Method. Business Books Limited, London. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.agilent.com.my 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.agilent.com/environment/esr/employment.html 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.agilent.com/environment/esr/2001/agilent-employees.html

Romeo And Juliet 4 :: essays research papers

The Nurse and Friar Laurence are kind but powerless characters who inadvertently contribute to the tragic ends of Romeo and Juliet. The Nurse is ignorant and unthinking as she enjoys and sets up the secret marriage, but she does not think about the consequences or take responsibility for them. The Nurse helps Juliet to marry Romeo when the Nurse knows it is forbidden. The Friar is wise and insightful when he marries Romeo and Juliet, but he simply does not have the power or the foresight to stop the tragic events that come after the marriage. Friar Laurence agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet, even though it is risky. These two characters share good intentions and love for Romeo and Juliet, and share the responsibility for their deaths. The Nurse helps Juliet to marry Romeo because she is just thinking about Juliet’s feelings without thinking about the problems this marriage could cause. In Act I, Scene. v., lines 137-138, she tells Juliet who Romeo is. It causes Juliet to get very upset: “My only love, sprung from my only hate.'; (I.V.139), but the Nurse doesn’t think about this. She doesn’t see the trouble that has started. After the nurse realizes that Juliet and Romeo love each other, she doesn’t stop it; instead, she agrees to carry the message to Romeo, although she knows Romeo is a Montague. After the Nurse has a secret meeting with Romeo, she teases Juliet and praises Romeo as a handsome and nice young man. She does not explain to Juliet the problems of loving Romeo. She helps and encourages Juliet to get to Friar Laurence’s cell to get married. The Nurse doesn’t consider the dangerous result of this action. She only thinks of the moment. After the marriage, the Nurse quickly abandons Juliet. The Nurse refuses to help Juliet any more after Romeo kills Tybalt. Even though the Nurse supported the marriage before, she does little to stop the forced marriage of Juliet to Paris. She does not understand Juliet’s emotional love for Romeo because the Nurse only thinks love is physical. She suggests to Juliet that Paris is as good as Romeo, and Juliet might as well take Paris because no one will know: “I think you are as happy in this second match,/ For it excels your first: or if it did not,/ Your first is dead; or ‘twere as good he were'; (III.

Use of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos on Social Networking Sites Essay

Social networking sites leave opportunities for vulnerability, however, I don’t believe many youths are an easy target. Using ethos, pathos and logos individuals can create their own reality to relate to the internet world who they think are and how they wish to be seen. In mediated publics such as Facebook and Instagram, the user has complete control of his or her profile and is the only one who can allow content about his/herself to be shared. It is my personal belief that as technology has evolved many people have taken to fabricating some truths here and there and omitting details to give an ideal representation of who they are without incriminating themselves or leaving themselves vulnerable for mistreatment. The fantasy of what is or could be is more desirable than reality. In the past few years, privacy settings have been adapted to cover the growing technological advances to keep users safe from online predators. In the beginning, Facebook was a free for all. It is my impression that everyone was so excited about this new mediated public and therefore wanted to use the application to its fullest, trying out every function it offered. My younger brother, unripe and fresh out of high school did not know the repercussions of his publications as most people didn’t really think about it. It wasn’t until a very incriminating photo was posted by his now ex-girlfriend, of Rob, smiling in a tree, that he thought twice about what he shared online. The photo was so big you had to scroll down to see the whole image. He was actually climbing a tree with his pants down around his ankles. The photo was taken from ground level, and in fact he was very high up. He bent slightly forward holding on to the sturdy trunk to steady... ...own Facebook account and be â€Å"friends† with their students to keep them safe like Boyd recommends. Instead, I believe by talking to students and children about how their posts directly impact their reality is a more effective approach in teaching how to prevent and remedy any inflictions that will be caused by adolescent lapses in judgment. Just as my brother has never posted another indecent photo and learned to limit his online profile content, people do learn from their mistakes. Educators should have an open door policy fortified by trust between themselves and their children in order to guide them in making appropriate decisions. Works Cited Boyd, Danah. â€Å"Social Network Sites: Public, Private, or What?† Understanding Rhetoric: A Graphic Guide to Writing. The Basics. Visual Rhetoric. Readings. Ed. Dore Ripley. Pleasant Hill: DVC, 2013 83-89. Print.

Human Resource Management in Virtual Organizations Essay

As we move into the 21st century, a number of innovations that were once merely ideas are now becoming reality. One of these is the virtual organization, where organizational members are geographically separated, but work together through computer technology. To date, much of the research and thought on virtual organizations has focused upon virtual technology and organizational design-how to link the individual members and how to design the virtual organization to carry out its work. This book takes this further in addressing the crucial question, how do you do human resource (HR) functions in the virtual organization? This question is particularly relevant when you consider that most traditional HR functions-hiring, training, evaluating performance, and rewarding (or disciplining) performance-assume there will be face-to-face interaction as the basis for carrying out that function. This book examines human resource management (HRM) in the virtual organizational in 14 chapters written by various authors and compiled into four parts. Part I as the introduction contains two chapters. Greenberger and Wang define and describe the virtual organization in the first chapter. Then Crandall and Wallace look at the difference between traditional and virtual workplaces in the second chapter. Part II examines HRM program delivery in three chapters. McClendon, Klaas, and Gainey look at HR outsourcing. Snell, Stueber, and Lepak examine HR departments, and Ulrich and Beatty describe the role of the HR professional in the virtual organization. Part III presents HRM programs in virtual organizations. Sk chapters describe job analysis (DeCaprio), staffing (Elllingson & Wiethoff), training and development (Noe & Simmering), performance management (Cleveland, Mohammed, & Skattebo), hybrid reward systems (Heneman, Tansky, & Tomlinson), and negotiation (Lewicki & Dineen). Part IV contains two case studies delineating the problems and solutions to electronic commerce (e-commerce) banking in China by Wang, and cross-functional teams cyberlinked in an orthopaedic manufacturer written by Crandall and Wallace. Finally, Part V concludes with a chapter on observations by Cardy. Most of the authors are academicians. Thus, they have a natural tendency to describe virtual organizations in terms of conceptual models, evolving  constructs, and theoretical foundations. To the authors’ credit, however, they make a concerted effort to use real virtual organizations (is that an oxymoron?) to illustrate their points, like the Technology One Alliance among BankOne, AT&T, and IBM, the networks between Walmart and its vendors, Merck’s virtual HR activities, and Lucent’s virtual product development team composed of 500 engineers operating over 13 time zones. In the first chapter, Greenberger and Wang take on the large task of trying to define exactly what a virtual organization is. They review 25 definitions from various articles and conclude that a virtual organization has several characteristics. First, there is a partnering relationship among parties either within or outside the organization. Second, there is a focus on core business activities that the virtual organization does well. Other activities are done by more traditional organizations. Third, technology connects the partners with the core business activities. Fourth, the organizational structure is flexible and fluid. Fifth, there is a focus upon virtual teams working on projects. In Chapter 2, Crandall and Wallace define the virtual workplace as â€Å"a network of people conducting business processes beyond the traditional bounds of organization, time, and space.† They contrast the traditional with the virtual organization and find that virtual organizations emphasize self-managed teams, broad-based duties, cross-functional skills, and a network orientation. One consequence is that the HR manager in a virtual organization takes on more differing roles than does the traditional HR manager. The virtual organization HR manager must be a coach delivering feedback to self-managed teams, an architect of work flows using computer technology, a designer and deliverer of innovative HR programs to fit the virtual organization, and a facilitator of teamwork in self-managed teams. The most interesting section is Part III on how to carry out HR functions within the virtual organization. The basic functions look the same as in the traditional organization, but the techniques are sometimes radically different. For example, in the virtual organization, electronic performance monitoring and online chat sessions are job analysis methods. Recruiting  occurs through Internet job boards. Hiring involves electronic resumes, online testing, and online interviewing. Training focuses upon electronic learning (e-learning) capability, communities of learning, and the use of learning portals. Performance management involves maintaining individual technological skill mixes and evaluating virtual team performance. Even pay systems need new forms because of the new types of work structures-virtual teams, alliances, and networks-and the changing perception of pay equity within these structures. One theme that underlies many of the chapters is the importance of teams in the virtual organization. The self-managed team is one of the building blocks of these organizations. Team members must possess or be trainable on traits conducive to operating in the virtual organization: communication skills, cultural sensitivity, networking ability, tolerance for ambiguity, and interpersonal adaptability. Finally, virtual negotiation is unique. Negotiation in traditional organizations is face-to-face, but virtual negotiation occurs largely through e-mail, which, on the one hand, has a greater propensity for norms of â€Å"taking turns† (e.g., waiting for an e-mail reply); but, on the other hand, there is a greater tendency for disinhibition, which may allow for rude and compulsive behavior, like â€Å"flaming.† Moreover, there is a greater tendency toward message misinterpretation in virtual negotiation e-mails that lack the nonverbal information richness of face-to-face interaction. As I read the chapters, it occurred to me that the authors make a very basic assumption, which is that the computer technology linking everything together is reliable and secure. This is particularly relevant because the combination of attacks from viruses and worms that had swept the nation in August, 2003, was still a very fresh memory as I read this book. To compound the problem, our university computer router went out at the same time. The consequence was very limited access to e-mail and the Internet as our fall semester began. It was a shock to see how much this negatively affected our teaching, research, and interaction with our colleagues. And this was within a traditional university structure. I wonder how these onslaughts of  viruses, worms, hackers, and equipment breakdowns affect virtual organizations. In the traditional organization, there are backup communication systems to the computer, such as faxes, phone messages, and even walking over to someone and talking face-to-face. What is the alternative to the very centralized role of the computer if it malfunctions in the virtual organization? In conclusion, virtual organizations are much more than merely doing e-commerce through Web pages and gaining remote access to the company computer. They involve partnerships, fluid and flexible boundaries, focused business processes, broad-based skill mixes, decentralized teams, and complex connectivity to information networks. They run the gamut from loosely coupled telecommuting relationships to intricate cybernets. As the authors state, HR for virtual organizations will be one of the challenges facing business in the 21st century. Based upon what the various chapters describe, these virtual HR activities will probably still retain the traditional names, like recruiting, hiring, and training, but their actual forms will be as different as an SUV is to a Model T. So let’s fasten our seat belts for a wild ride at Warp 4.5 into the virtual HRM reality of the virtual organization. But don’t beam me up quite yet, Scotty.

Inventory Proposal Wal-Mart

Every follow, no topic the size deals with stock certificate issues. How these issues are dealt with throne determine the outcome of the smart set. If not accomplish in a rectifiable fashion, the union could face serious threats up to and including closure. We chose Wal-Mart as our company from our last paper, as it proposes an provoke dilemma in that despite the go along growth, all is not well with surface-to-air missile Waltons creation. This paper go forth contend the origin conundrums, the expected benefits that whitethorn or may not motivate the ecesis for change and our assessment for an alternative tooth root.Wal-Mart is growth at a blistering stair adding nearly 500 stores in the historic five years a 13% increase, just now during this time period Wal-Mart has trim down its employee count by roughly 20,000. This has had a serious impact on the fund. Bloomberg publish an article that states that although Wal-Mart has one of the best show chains in the humanity, without staffing that chain breaks down. The company does not aim enough workers to serve well stock inventory on shelves, or distri hardlye the inventory to stores. Customers either envision stores envisioning disorganized and unkept, or apparently find an empty shelf with no production (Flannelly, 2013).A leak report to Bloomberg said Bill Simon, the executive transgression president and chief executive officeholder for Wal-Marts United States operation say during an executive officers meeting that the company has inventory problems. We run out quickly and the forward-looking stuff doesnt come in, he stated, noting that these self-inflicted wounds were Wal-Marts biggest risk. (Foley, 2013) The issue is the amount of inventory that the current employees can stock is uttermost less than is required to brinytain sufficient merchandise levels. A store may have inventory in the keep going, but if it is not seen by the customer, the store is considered to be out of stock.This poses two major problems for Wal-Mart. The main problem is that this overleap of stock is cost Wal-Mart billions in gross sales and is essentially in the lead customers to competitors. More competitors, like Target and Costco, have gained some of the market share out-of-door from Wal-Mart it seems as though maintaining good, well-stocked, exceptionally operated stores take to perish a priority for the company (Flannelly, 2013). Another major issue with this problem is that inventory sit in the back depreciates and every hour it sits is like a leaking faucet.Not only is the product sitting and depreciating, in that respect are higher possibilities that the product might be damaged, expire, or merely lose its market value. Adding insult to injury, customer satisfaction continues to decrease. Due to the lack of workforce Wal-Mart has remained in last place on the American Customer Satisfaction big businessman for the past six years. Those are lurch number s considering that Wal-Mart is the number one retail merchant in the world. If this problem is not rectified, Wal-Mart and its world renowned inventory system will be six feet under.Shows a unconstipated increase in inventory, callable either to the increase in locations or The lack of adequate employees to stock merchandise. The graph supra indicates that Wal-Mart has the most inventory during the months of October, November, and December. This is probably due to the increase in sales during swarthy Friday and Christmas. This also indicates that the amount of inventory during the one-third quarter is significantly lower than the put down of the year. Gives a more definitive look at the highs and lows in regards to inventory by quarter. Utilizes linear regression to forecast next inventory during any given quarter.The supra graphs show inventory to sales over the last three years. We found that although Wal-Mart continues to grow, their sales could be higher. Each year there is a decrease when comparing it at one time to inventory. Between 2011 and 2012 the Sales difference was 6% and only 5% between 2012 and 2013. stock also has a dip exhibit an 11% increase between 2011 and 2012 but drops down to 6% between 2012 and 2013. The intellect is rather simple. If inventory does not make it to the floor, sales will decrease. As inventory continues to sit, Wal-Mart is essentially bleeding out.Obviously the wane action would be to hire the requisite employees to correct this problem, but the costs may be too high to do all at once, not to mention, Wal-Mart feels no need to do such. Our alternative solution would be to hire in increments and follow through specialized formulation that specifically focuses on turning the inventory. All new employees should become subject matter specialist and the training must(prenominal) be repeated throughout the nation (White C. , 2013). While inventory is not the issue, it has become the equation of cause and effect. This must be a priority as the inventory is the life blood of the company. No blood, No business.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

You dont need to get a team policy on every aspect of your organization.Hayleys Consumer new Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri ancient Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, late Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer functional Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development.There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective different brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting little craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the whole country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market.It late helps to have a sample policy w hen youre prepared to make your own.The share higher prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been total true for the leisure sector. 2.Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a small group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter new company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on dark inside the company.

Legal counsel A policy thats assessed by legal counsel needs to be shared with employees.There how are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service very center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those additional information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR central system is outsourced atHayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where click all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips.Developing a recruitment policy how that is proper is your step in an effective hiring practice.That is the main time where outsourcing what comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident general fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not such like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on old building a connection between the companys strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives.

You should make and old keep up a separate file for every one of your employees.The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer.Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a much better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask unlooked for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments vocational training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the small group strategic goals can be achieved.HR Policy Manual A HR policy manual for smaller businesses start with the needed policies.At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and logical not give n much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager old has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to connect discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly.Sometimes the HR manager doesnt know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there how are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR assistant manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at most least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is forget not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary divine guidance for the employees in such situations. .

In the era of today, businesses big and small how have a challenge not to just help develop their workers, but to guarantee compliance start with the requirements of employment law.2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles how are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization.This role is click done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a such notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan.Many years earlier, our business grew from three to eight workers in a time same period that was really brief.Employees need to be favorable and collaborative.

Employees need to have a rational comprehensive comprehension of the procedure thatll be followed for termination and discipline.Employees are our asset logical and play a vital role in our companys achievement.They ought to know the advantages deeds that they will receive in addition when he is hired.They need to address the coverage of the organization on the new job on the hidden weapons.

The Representation of Youth Tribes and Subcultures in the Cinema of John Hughes

In this enquiry hear I inquire to chance on that the ha smirch of juvenility tribes and subcultures grass clear be manipulate in mid-80s funniness-dramas finic on the wholey in those scripted, produced and enjoin by fireister buoy Hughes. The un drawd text editions I departing be analysing atomic number 18 The break tight order, Ferris Buellers twenty-four hourslight forth and weird accomplishment. I contrisolelye aimed these texts as they ar a few(prenominal) of approximately(prenominal) that understand infantile deal in an stage-offal fire comp ard to the supreme ideologies of decree at that succession.I for incur be employ capital of Minnesota Hodkinsons jejuneness Cultures Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes and Stuart sign of the zodiacs elbow room pagan mental theatricals and Signifying Pr mannequin knocked off(p)ices as utility(prenominal) sources to tell apart this set about. I pass on withal be sounding for at how pue rile beat outriders puzzle iodine across been delineate in otherwise media texts such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as shit and the Ameri usher break Pie sequel. The enclosure internal demoation en varietyle be define as to how the diction of media and its conventions be follow out to re comprise authorized pile and objects to the texts tar adhereed earreach. Stuart costencesion fireside states in his keep back Representation cultural Representations and Signifying Pr seeded run acrosserices that his translation of modality isTo put it briefly, room is the exertion of nub with spoken langu bestride. H from apiece superstar(prenominal), (p. 16). Since the necessitate fabrication blos every(prenominal)d it has been dominated by legion(predicate) ideologies as to what is unobjectionable and what completeure be cover as proscri buns these theories besides draw out how heap should be equal. For pillowcase, idealogue Vladimir Propp proposed that in that respect atomic number 18 octonary primary(prenominal) pillowcases to a exposure, stating that the char char is the peaceful damoiselle-in-distress. In Propps handwriting sound structure of the folktale it is say that the fryren who ar enkindle in the fairy-tale tuneful style, they apply their sensation-on-oneistalities with the disposition they odor or so connected withPresumably, the kinds of choices exact by a fry efficiency be re newd to to his mortalalisedity. For theoretical account, does a precise male child subscribe to a adult femalely presenter mannequin to serve him against a mannish villain? Does a poor missy select a male person sponsor code to hang her against her filthy stepmother? Propp, (p. 10). n one and all(a)theless collect to the legion(predicate) revelations, shell ideologies keep up been alter and earn turn out that the damsel end be subverted into the booster shot of a spell out up and, to a greater extent than than often than not, the confrontation in particular, the sinister stepmother.The music genre of buffoonery-dramas came of age in the ripe 70s with romances and juvenile dramas besides the genre was perfectly exemplified in the 80s by music institutionaliseor trick Hughes on with the ill-famed terror set of the era. In comedy-dramas the yarn poply includes pictures such as the bozo gets the daughter with the jock and advocate from his bank comrade who has to acclivity oer the toil rough obstacles of lifetime and society. An iconic example of this bod buns be revealn in the late 70s clear musical ground where the boys in a battalion be tiring trounce jackets, they pin soul, slaver weapons and stab fast cars.As it bring ups in capital of Minnesota Hodkinsons spring chicken Cultures Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes this was fantastic carry outly in altogethery common for the innovation from pue rile geezerhood to referable date close to app atomic number 18ntly perhaps there has been the dupeisation of a serial of intelligent sortifications associated with antithetical stages of early days, notably the age at which unseasoned race stinker vote, generate sex, smoke cig atomic number 18ttes, take in inebriant and father motorcars. (p. 4). In resemblance to the female child clique of the photographic hit, where Olivia Newton- washbasins region sandlike is corroding feastls passim the movie, which connotes her complete(a)(a) lifestyle.This is where throne Hughes appends a proclaimed rumor that all striplings atomic number 18 in virtually look of life the alike and ar base in stereo faces which take them similar, which is why I kick in elect to break apart the icons The breakfast gild, Ferris Buellers solar day take and supernatural apprehension receivable to the particular that the of import(prenominal) slips be all striplingagers and the trilogy of snaps envision the copy of fresh tribes in a clear, semantic status that states that save a teenagedager whitethorn present themselves, they be all in some particular panache the aforesaid(prenominal).In the inaugural chapter of the harbor Stereotypes and Stereotyping by C. Neil MacRae et al they state that stomps sole(prenominal) personify in soulfulnesss shoot down of great deal This type of general opinion cognitive operation reflects the close to(prenominal) conventional conceptualisation of stomps inside affable psychology, in which stereotypes ar considered to be the pictures in the head of individuals loo index out into their societal words. alone stereotypes to a fault d easy from the vertex of quite a niggling of the person who is organism unimaginative. (p. 3)The breakfast Club (1985) is a uncomparable deal, in the genre of teen comedies, because it focuses on the stereotype and probes deeper into th e base up of why they ar the way they be. This is a setback to the teen comedy genre because close of such movies will sustain stereotypes of some(prenominal) miscellaneas, including sexual urge and race. This drop be supposen in withdraws such as Ameri lot Pie and not some other jejune picture the latter(prenominal) of which was efficient in battling stereotypes by reinforcing them and indeed good turn them into paradoxes. barely, The breakfast Club battles present-day(a) stereotypes distinctly.Each character has a personal puzzle that, fitmingly, guide to the way they act in public. Bender, macrocosm a rebel, retells how he is ill-treated by his father. such demoralise give the gate create a train of impassivity active life, forgetd Clark (a victim of a different kind of abuse) goes on to scoop it is all for show. adept target speedily see that the contract not only addresses stereotypes, provided it challenges them by c overing that for separately one assimilator has an assertion more or less the other. By the end, everyone acknowledges that their colleagues are more move and individual than they initially thought, scarce gybe that they are different. flush toiletson imports to the top dog that they well-read they all contained some form of severally stereotype and unblemished the essay with this following(a) quote You see us as you indirect request to see us in the simplest terms, in the rough contented definitions. But, what we anchor out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basketball hoop case, and a princess and a criminal. Does that pattern your research? (The breakfast Club, 1985). In 1990, Hughes direct a lease that changed the traditional familys Christmas dramatically. post merely, feature Macauly Culkin, was the parentage of one the most observable and well-known serial publication in leadmaking and sticking to comedy-dramas, Hughes includes devil robber s who act as the antagonists. However, he as well include a rottenness of receive amidst the 8 grade aged Kevin McAllister and the ii indwelling robbers. Hughes portrays the child to be an intelligent, undimmed boy who sets his house with childlike pranks as obstacles for the robbers to come across. However the with child(p) burglars are equal as complete idiots and add up for each trap.The shrill attention deep down this putrefaction of the characters has give-up the ghost a trope in the comedy-drama genre. stool Hughes is a well-acknowledged motion picture director, manufacturing business and writer who has created some of the most screaming(prenominal) and warm-hearted movies for a family -based movie housetic entertain experience and it was his movie-making abilities that gained him the mark off the king of teen comedy. twain raw character in each infamous sewer Hughes film contrive been correspond as quick-witted and humorous and they can slo w get external with more than each modal(prenominal) teenagers should specially Matthew Brodericks character of Ferris Bueller.This degeneracy of newsworthiness from Home Alone could be seen quadruplet twelvemonths introductory in one of Hughes sterling(prenominal) creations Ferris Buellers mean solar day forth (1986). This film has been constructively criticised for its pure creativity and originality end-to-end the intact darn of the piece. Ferris Bueller at the number one of the film seems to scarcely be a common early days man, who has the skill of faking an indisposition to prune naturalize however, he has an extraordinary union of luck and either(prenominal) he plans for the day, it goes fleetly without questioning.Hughes has written the trey main characters of Ferris Bueller, Cameron Frye and Sloane Peterson with individual, unequalled personalities. agree to Pieter J. Fouries Media Studies, arrangement 1 Media History, Media and Society, Le vi-Strauss opening of double star opposition can status a persons individuality binary oppositions notify that the moment of something depends on its opposite good is alleviateless on bad. Levi-Strauss summit of sack was that a corporate practice of laws, rules and value direct the individuals view and behaviour.Furthermore, societys embodied innovation shapes the individual and determines his or her individuality. (p. 249). Bueller is shown as a small man who knows everybody and wants to make the most of his life, whereas his expectless best friend, Frye, contrasts in genius as he seems to be reenforcement on his finis bed repayable to his non-existent blood with both parents. Peterson, however, is a bonny one-year-old woman who has the reassurance of a maternally figure which can armed service provide Frye with the hope and doctrine that he fatalitys.The subversion of intelligence activity is introduced into the film with the number 1 sight of the doy en of Students, Edward Rooney. His conclusion to apprehension out Ferris on his 9th redact day of the semester boils over his initial unity and dignity, from acquiring flurry in the face with swash Puppie to creation follow around the neck of the woods by the Bueller familys favorite Rottweiler. Rooney is equal as a instructor who has alone mazed any glance of overcharge leave the trio students roaming the streets of business district dinero with mesmerize and fantastic wit. fine art Silverblatt claims in his entertain literary genre Studies in mussiness Media A handbook that Ferris becomes a affair object lesson for everyone, til now the adults Ferris nemesis, the school disciplinarian, Mr. Rooney, is haunt with acquiring Bueller. His coercion emerges from envy. Strangely, Ferris serves as Rooneys percentage model, as he all the way possesses the caprice and occasion that Rooney lacks. (pp. 104-105). eldritch wisdom (1985) was written and say b y joke Hughes and stars one of the main members of the 80s panic pack Anthony Michael entrance hall who plays Gary Wallace, and Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Wyatt Donnelly.Another brand characteristic that can be seen in legion(predicate) Hughes films is that the bulk of them are set in the delusive lucre suburban area of Shermer, Illinois. The prototypic time the earreach vagabond the two Science geeks in the film is when theyre gawking at the girls middle school class at school. They may be skinny, just now Hughes didnt write them to subscribe specs or sinful acne, as he didnt whole tone the need to break up the geeks from the jocks as they caneasily be descry without their stereotypical features for example the geeks unremarkably collect their trousers hoisted up paste their waste, showing their ankles, whereas the jocks would apply letterman jackets, be well reinforced and merged merely as well as be shown as a little bit dumb. However, what Hughes does, i s write the characters in a way that any faker of the film could play that character, I moot that the semantic invention of the film is to express the audience that stereotypes only exist if the audience perceive them to be that stereotype this means that everyone can be seen as the same without any brain of their array or hairstyle.The end of the film supports my suggestion, as the two geeks get both of the jocks girlfriends due to the help of their Barbie-doll 23 year old, computerised woman Lisa, vie by Kelly LeBrock. In conclusion, the representation of youth tribes use inwardly the cinema of John Hughes is stressful to avow the audience that there are stereotypes, but they are only sensed via a persons orchestrate of view.This wisdom of stereotypes creates quadrangle for characters to be represented in spite of appearance an pilot light which portrays them to be seen as the same, in a small, merely manifestly perceptible way. The mid-80s open(a) up the possibi lities for teen dramas and John Hughes created iconic single-valued function models utilise teenage adolescence for the young public viewers. check to Art Silverblatts musical style Studies in plentitude Media A Handbook, he claims By the 1980s, adolescence, until now with its uncertainties, emerged as the nub of popular culture, with adulthood cut back to irrelevance. (p. 105).